Accurate modeling of ship performance is crucial for the shipping industry to optimize fuel consumption and subsequently reduce emissions. However, predicting the speed-power relation in real-world conditions remains a challenge. In this study, we used in-service monitoring data from multiple vessels with different hull shapes to compare the accuracy of data-driven machine learning (ML) algorithms to traditional methods for assessing ship performance. Our analysis consists of two main parts: (1) a comparison of sea trial curves with calm-water curves fitted on operational data, and (2) a benchmark of multiple added wave resistance theories with an ML-based approach. Our results showed that a simple neural network outperformed established semi-empirical formulas following first principles. The neural network only required operational data as input, while the traditional methods required extensive ship particulars that are often unavailable. These findings suggest that data-driven algorithms may be more effective for predicting ship performance in practical applications.

机器学习和特别是强化学习（RL）在帮助我们了解神经决策过程方面非常成功。但是，RL在理解其他神经过程中的作用，尤其是运动学习的探索程度要少得多。为了探索这种联系，我们研究了最近的深度RL方法与基于错误的学习神经科学中的主要运动学习框架相对应。可以使用镜面反转适应范式探测基于错误的学习，在该范式中，它产生了独特的定性预测，这些预测在人类中观察到。因此，我们在镜面逆向上测试了现代深度RL算法的三个主要家庭。令人惊讶的是，所有算法都无法模仿人类的行为，并且确实表现出与基于错误的学习预测的行为。为了填补这一空白，我们引入了一种新颖的深度RL算法：基于模型的确定性策略梯度（MB-DPG）。 MB-DPG通过明确依靠观察到的动作结果来从基于错误的学习中汲取灵感。我们在镜像和旋转扰动下显示MB-DPG捕获（人）基于错误的学习。接下来，我们以MB-DPG的形式展示了基于错误的学习，比基于复杂的ARM的到达任务的规范无模型算法更快，同时比基于模型的RL更适合（正向）模型错误。这些发现突出了当前的深度RL方法与人类电动机适应之间的差距，并提供了缩小这一差距的途径，从而促进了两个领域之间未来的有益相互作用。

Recent work has constructed neural networks that are equivariant to continuous symmetry groups such as 2D and 3D rotations. This is accomplished using explicit Lie group representations to derive the equivariant kernels and nonlinearities. We present three contributions motivated by frontier applications of equivariance beyond rotations and translations. First, we relax the requirement for explicit Lie group representations with a novel algorithm that finds representations of arbitrary Lie groups given only the structure constants of the associated Lie algebra. Second, we provide a self-contained method and software for building Lie group-equivariant neural networks using these representations. Third, we contribute a novel benchmark dataset for classifying objects from relativistic point clouds, and apply our methods to construct the first object-tracking model equivariant to the Poincar\'e group.